Different Types of Cataracts: How They Develop and Impact Vision

One common vision problem is the development and progression of cataracts. Although age-related cataracts make up most cases, cataracts are classified by different types based on their location within the lens as well as the cause. All cataracts cloud the natural lens of the eye, blurring vision, eventually disrupting daily activity. 

Cataracts are not a one-size-fits-all condition, as they manifest in various forms, each presenting its own set of challenges to vision. Nuclear, cortical, posterior subcapsular, congenital, traumatic and secondary are the various cataract types:

1. Nuclear cataracts form deep in the nucleus, center, of the lens. They are primarily associated with aging. As we age, the proteins within the lens begin to break down and clump together, causing the lens to harden and become yellow or brown. Symptoms include gradual worsening of vision, difficulty seeing distant objects clearly and colors losing their vibrancy. 
2. Cortical cataracts start at the periphery of the lens and progress toward the center. They are often related to conditions such as diabetes, prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and trauma to the eye. Symptoms include glare or halos around lights, especially at night, challenges with bright light and added sensitivity to vision in bright sunlight. 
3. Posterior subcapsular cataracts form at the back of the lens. They tend to develop more rapidly than other types and are associated with prolonged steroid use, diabetes and radiation exposure. Symptoms include difficulty reading and seeing in bright light, increased glare & halos around lights and quicker progression compared to other types of cataracts.
4. Congenital cataracts can be caused by genetic disorders, intrauterine infections (such as rubella) or metabolic conditions like galactosemia. These cataracts can affect one or both eyes and are present from birth or develop shortly thereafter. Early detection is crucial to prevent vision loss as eyesight can worsen over time if not treated promptly. 
5. Traumatic cataracts result from an injury to the eye such as blunt trauma, penetration, chemical burns or electric shock. They can appear soon after the injury or develop over time. Vision can be impacted immediately but delayed vision problems are consequential. The severity of vision impairment depends on the extension of the injury so immediate medical attention is necessary. 
6. Secondary cataracts also known as after-cataracts, can develop after cataract surgery. They occur when the remaining part of the lens capsule becomes cloudy. Other eye conditions, like glaucoma or retinitis pigmentosa, can also lead to secondary cataracts. Although technically not a cataract as the natural lens has been removed, this rare occurrence can be treated with a laser procedure called YAG laser capsulotomy to restore clear vision.

Understanding the different types of cataracts, how they develop and how they impact vision can aid in early detection and appropriate management, helping to preserve vision and improve quality of life. Regular eye check-ups are crucial, especially for individuals at higher risk due to age, medical conditions or lifestyle factors. If you suspect cataract formation, contact Pennachio Eye at 325-227-1999 or online at WEBSITE for a comprehensive eye exam.